BIOCHEMISTRY IMPORTANT
SHORT QUESTIONS
AS PER PREVIOUS YEAR
QUESTIONS
DMLT, 2ND YEAR
1.
Why samples
for estimating blood sugar are collected in fluoride tube?
ANS:
Blood samples are
collected in fluoride tubes because:
Fluoride Prevents Sugar Breakdown:
Fluoride stops sugar in the blood from breaking down, so the test can measure
the actual blood sugar level accurately.
Accurate Results: Without fluoride, sugar might
break down in the sample, giving a wrong, lower result, which isn't
helpful for doctors to make the right diagnosis.
2.
Which
disease is caused by the excessive deposition of uric acids in the joints?
ANS:
·
Gout is caused by deposition
of needle shaped uric acid in the joints.
·
Symptoms: sudden and severe pain, redness,
swelling.
·
The condition typically
targets the big toe
joint but can also affect other joints like the knees, ankles, and wrists.
3.
Write any
two functions of serum proteins.
ANS:
Ø Clotting:
Serum proteins like fibrinogen
are essential for the blood clotting process, helping to stop bleeding when
there's an injury.
Ø Transportation:
Serum proteins, such as albumin
and globulins,
transport various substances in the blood, including hormones, vitamins, and antibodies, to different parts of the body.
4.
Write a
short note on PDH complex.
ANS:
Ø The
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
(PDH) Complex is a critical enzyme complex in cellular respiration:
Ø Function:
It converts pyruvate,
a product of glycolysis, into
Acetyl-CoA, which is a key molecule for the citric acid cycle (Krebs
cycle).
Ø Location:
Mitochondria
5.
What is
Rothera’s test? Write its principle.
ANS:
·
Rothera's test is a urine test which detects
the presence of ketone
bodies.
·
It uses a reagent that
turns yellow or orange
when ketone bodies are present.
·
This color change helps
identify conditions like diabetic ketoacidosis or starvation ketosis.
6.
Products of
HMP shunt.
ANS:
The products of the Hexose Monophosphate (HMP) shunt,
also known as the Pentose
Phosphate Pathway, include:
Ø NADPH:
This is a reducing agent
used in various anabolic reactions, such as fatty acid and cholesterol
synthesis.
Ø Ribose-5-Phosphate:
It's a precursor for the synthesis of nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA
and RNA) and is crucial for cell growth.
7.
Derivatives
of cholesterol
ANS:
Ø Steroid
hormones
Ø Vitamin
D
Ø Bile
acids
Ø Cholesterol
esters (LDL, HDL).
8.
Hormones
synthesized in thyroid gland.
ANS:
Thyroxine (T4)
and Triiodothyronine (T3):
Functions:
·
Regulation of the body's metabolism, affecting
energy production and consumption.
·
Influence on growth and development,
particularly in children.
9.
Deionized
Water
Ø Deionized Water
is water with all ions
removed.
Ø It is extremely pure and free from electrical conductivity caused by ions.
Ø Used in laboratories, medical
procedures, requiring impurity-free water.
10. Biomedical importance of cholesterol.
ANS:
Ø Cell Membrane Structure: Cholesterol is essential for maintaining the stability and fluidity of cell
membranes.
Ø Precursor for Hormones: It is a building block for some hormones like cortisol, estrogen, and testosterone.
Ø Bile Acid Formation: Cholesterol is used to produce bile acids, aiding in fat digestion and absorption.
Ø Vitamin D Synthesis: It is necessary for the production of vitamin D in the skin when exposed to sunlight.
11. Benedict’s Test
ANS:
·
Purpose: Detects reducing sugars (e.g., glucose, fructose).
·
Principle: Reducing sugars react with Benedict’s reagent, forming a colored precipitate.
·
Result:
o
Blue: No sugar.
o
Green/Yellow:
Trace.
o
Orange/Red: High
sugar.
12. Water and electrolyte balance
ANS:
WATER BALANCE
·
Definition: Maintenance of the proper amount of water in the
body.
·
Importance: Essential for proper functioning of the body.
·
Regulation:
o
Thirst: Signals the need for water intake.
o
Kidneys: Adjust water excretion via urine.
·
Imbalance:
o
Dehydration:
§
Causes: Low water
intake or high loss.
§
Symptoms: Thirst,
dry mouth, dark urine.
o
Overhydration:
§
Causes: Excessive
water intake.
§
Symptoms:
Swelling, bloating, headache.
·
Factors
Affecting Water Balance:
o
Physical activity
level.
o
Environmental
temperature.
o
Salt and
electrolyte intake.
·
Key to Health: Drink enough water to stay hydrated and support
bodily functions.
ELECTROLYTE BALANCE
·
Electrolyte balance
refers to proper levels of
charged minerals in the body.
·
Electrolytes include sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, and phosphate.
·
Imbalances can occur due to dehydration, illness, medication, and other
factors.
·
For example, Low sodium
levels (hyponatremia) can cause headache, nausea, confusion, seizures, and
coma. High potassium levels (hyperkalemia) can cause muscle weakness, fatigue,
and heart rhythm disturbances.
·
Maintaining proper
electrolyte balance involves staying hydrated and eating a balanced diet.
·
Medical intervention may
be necessary to correct electrolyte imbalances.
13. Glycosylated haemoglobin.
ANS:
WHAT IS HbA1c?
HbA1c, also known as glycated hemoglobin/glycosylated
Hemoglobin, is a form of hemoglobin in red blood cells that has glucose
attached to it.
HbA1c TEST
The HbA1c test, also known as the glycated hemoglobin
test, is a blood test that measures the average level of blood glucose over the
past 2 to 3 months. It measures the percentage of hemoglobin molecules that
have glucose attached to them.
WHY HbA1c TEST IS PERFORMED?
·
To monitor blood
glucose levels in people with diabetes and assess how well they are managing
their diabetes over time.
·
To diagnose
diabetes and screen for prediabetes.
VALUES OF HbA1c TEST
The HbA1c test measures the percentage of hemoglobin
in the blood that has glucose attached to it. The following are the general
guidelines for HbA1c ranges:
·
Normal range: Less than 5.7%
·
Prediabetic
range: Between 5.7% and 6.4%
·
Diabetic
range: 6.5% or higher
14. Creatinine clearance.
ANS:
CREATININE CLEARANCE TEST
·
Purpose: Measures how well the kidneys filter creatinine,
indicating kidney function.
·
Procedure:
o
Requires a 24-hour
urine sample and a blood sample.
o
Compares
creatinine levels in urine and blood.
·
Normal Range:
o
Men: 97-137 mL/min
o
Women: 88-128
mL/min
·
Uses:
o
Detect kidney
disease.
o
Monitor kidney
function in conditions like diabetes or hypertension.
·
Significance: Low values indicate impaired kidney function.
15. Detection of protein in pathology urine.
Ø Purpose:
To check for the presence of protein in urine, indicating potential kidney
issues.
Ø Methods:
o
Dipstick Test:
§
A strip is dipped
into the urine.
§
Color change
indicates protein presence.
o
Sulfosalicylic
Acid Test (SSA):
§
Urine is mixed
with SSA solution.
§
Cloudiness
confirms protein.
Ø Significance:
o
Normal urine has
little to no protein.
o
High levels may
indicate kidney damage, infection, or other conditions.
16. Dehydration.
ANS:
Definition:
·
A condition where
the body loses more fluids
than it takes in,
causing electrolyte imbalance and reduced body fluid volume.
Causes:
Ø Inadequate Fluid Intake: Not drinking enough water, especially during hot
weather, illness, or intense activity.
Ø Excessive Sweating: Fluid loss due to intense exercise or hot, humid conditions.
Ø Diarrhea:
Increased fluid loss through stools.
Ø Vomiting:
Rapid loss of fluids and electrolytes.
Ø Increased Urination: Caused by conditions like diabetes or diuretics.
ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY (ORT)
Ø What is ORT:
A treatment for dehydration using a solution of water,
salt, and sugar to restore fluids and electrolytes.
Ø WHO Formula:
Mix 1 liter of clean water with:
·
6
teaspoons of sugar
·
1/2
teaspoon of salt
Ø How to Use:
·
Administer in
small sips to aid gradual absorption and prevent vomiting.
Ø Uses:
·
Treats mild to
moderate dehydration from diarrhea, vomiting, or sweating.
·
Can prevent
dehydration during hot weather or physical activity.
Ø Advantages:
·
Can be given at
home, clinics, or hospitals.
·
Safe and effective
for most people.
17. Van Den Berg Test.
ANS:
VAN DEN BERG TEST
Purpose:
·
Used to detect types of bilirubin
in the blood.
Procedure:
·
A reagent (diazotized sulfanilic acid)
is added to the serum.
·
Reaction time and colour change are
observed.
Interpretation:
Ø Direct Bilirubin: Immediate colour change (water-soluble).
Ø Indirect Bilirubin: Delayed reaction.
Ø Total Bilirubin:
Measured by combining direct and indirect bilirubin.
Clinical Use:
·
Helps diagnose
liver diseases like jaundice,
hepatitis, and hemolytic disorders.
{Direct Bilirubin (Conjugated
Bilirubin): A form of bilirubin
processed by the liver.
Indirect Bilirubin (Unconjugated Bilirubin): A form of bilirubin not yet processed by the liver.}